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Thousands of automobile collisions occur everyday. And every day thousands are injured. Researchers note that the majority of crisis injury claims occur at relatively low speeds of about 12 mph.
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This causes astronomical disputes in the middle of injured parties and the guarnatee clubs that are responsible for compensating them fro their injuries. To insurers, there certainly is no speed at which they want to admit and injury could occur. For economic reasons they try to dismiss whiplash in its entirety as if it doesn't exist. Thanks to recent irrefutable explore studies proving the existence and exact mechanism of whiplash injuries, insurers are hard pressed to try the "whiplash is a hoax" defense nearly as much as in the past. A more recent tactic is to claim the speed of the collision is too low to cause injury. The defense often relies on their insured's reports of how fast they were going when they ran into the back of the other party-obviously biased data. Other times photographs of the car damage is used to show a low speed. Often, the photographs are shown to an crisis Reconstructionist who by merely seeing at photographic damage renders an notion on how fast the vehicles were traveling. They will even go so far to make statements such as "the evidence suggests there was insufficient force to cause human corporal injury..." This would be laughable if it didn't cause so many problems for injured victims. Here are but a few facts regarding motor car injuries and their connection to speed with supporting scientific evidence. Three dissimilar studies (Panjabi, Panjabi and Cholewicki and Kaneoka) proved the mechanism by which the neck is injured by a rear impact force. [1], [2], [3] The studies complicated simulating a rear impact collision ot live human test subjects and recording the results with cineradiography (high speed motion x-rays). The researchers found that the neck was injured by deforming into an "S- shaped" configuration. All three of these studies found that this corporal event occurred at speeds as low as 2.5 mph. The radiographically proven human threshold for injury in a rear impact collision therefore is 2.5 mph. Other authors have disputed these figures and some guarnatee firm sponsored studies have found the threshold to be closer to 5 mph. For the sake of argument, let's stipulate that the 5 mph threshold is correct. It still means that a collision of only 5 mph can cause damage to the neck. Freeman et. Al. In Spine, Vol. 23, amount 9, 1998, p. 1046 shows the damage thresholds for many cars. This is the minimum speed required to cause the car to show visible signs of damage. The smallest, lightest car listed was the 1980 Toyota Tercel, which required a collision of 8.1 mph to come to be damaged. On the other end of the spectrum was the 1989 Chevrolet Citation, which required 12.7 mph. A Ford F-250 pick up required 11.7 mph. Cars built today are adequate with rear bumpers designed not to show any damage below 5 mph. In an attempt to sacrifice mend costs shouldered by guarnatee companies, crash standards were adopted to mandate rear bumpers must withstand a 5 mph collision into a fixed barricade (wall, pole, etc) without any visible evidence of damage. It should be noted that this appropriate involves testing of "vehicle to barrier" crashes not "vehicle to vehicle" testing. In "vehicle to vehicle" crashes where the bumpers line up well, it takes considerably more force to cause visible bumper damage than a 5 mph collision. Some tests have shown that cars could be crashed repeatedly at 20 mph and not show outer damage. In a "vehicle to vehicle" crash it is estimated that the minimum speed to cause visible damage is approximately 15 mph. Another notice is that while a bumper may look undamaged from the exterior after a collision, inside under the skin, the foam or plastic may be crushed or cracked. This is not seen from the outside, so photographs would make it appear as if no damage was sustained. Still further, the bumper may appear intact, but on unibody vehicles, the unibody may be bent or deformed by a collision. This may not be apparent and some auto mend facilities may miss it. So what does this mean? It means that if you are rear-ended and your bumper is cracked, dented, or misplaced at all, your collision complicated speeds in excess of 15 mph. That's 3 times the human threshold for injury if we use the 5 mph figure. In reality, the proven threshold is only 2.5 mph, so a collision of 15 mph is 6 times the threshold for injury. Now let's say your car sustained no visible damage, but your neck hurts after the collision. Does that mean you weren't certainly injured? No. It means that the vehicle's threshold for damage was not exceeded. The impact could have been 10 mph. Too low for bumper damage, but still 4 times the threshold for human injury. In a low speed collision, the kinetic forces that are transferred from the other car into your car are not dampened or bled off by your bumper. Instead, the force is transmitted through the vehicle, into your seat and to your neck resulting in injury. If your body or neck are jolted or jerked by the impact, an injury could occur. Another aspect to reconsider is if your car is moved send by the impact. An average car weighs close to 4,000 lbs. Let's say you are hit from behind and your car is pushed send a few feet, but shows no signs of bumper damage. Is it potential to be hurt? Yes, of course. The force required to move a stationary 4,000 lb object is tremendous. Can you walk up to a car sitting at a red light with its brakes on and shove it send even an inch? Not likely. A collision that is strong adequate to weighty a car send by even inches is plentifulness adequate force to cause a whiplash injury. So, as you have now learned, there certainly shouldn't be any dispute on whether a low speed collision can cause injuries. It has been scientifically proven by several studies. It is also a fact that the speed required to cause corporal injury is quite low, a scant 2.5 mph. It has also been shown that any crisis that causes damage to the rear bumper is likely to cause injuries and even in accidents where there is no outward corporal damage to the vehicle, there may still be adequate forces complicated to cause corporal injuries. References Panjabi Mm, Grauer Jn (1997): "Whiplash produces a S-shape curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels. " Spine 22 (21): 2489-94. Panjabi Mm, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer Jn, Babat Lb, Dvorak J, Bar Hf (1998-12-01): "[Biomechanics of whiplash injury]." Orthopade 1998 Dec; 27(12): 813-9. Koji Kaneoka, Koshiro Ono, Satoshi Inami and Koichiro Hayashi (99-04-15). "Motion pathology of cervical vertebrae while whiplash loading." Spine 24(8): 763-770 Characteristics of definite Automobile Bumpers in Low Velocity Impacts, Sae 940916
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